Africa and the Nile Basin

Africa is the second largest continent, and the equator passes through its middle. It is separated from Asia by the Red Sea and from Europe by the Mediterranean Sea. Its area is 12 million square miles (i.e., approximately three times the area of ​​Europe), and its coasts are not winding, which greatly influenced its climate and civilization. Despite the appearance of the oldest civilizations on the northern coasts of the African continent, most of them remained unknown until the late nineteenth century, and this is due to reasons including: the limited curvature of their coasts and the unsuitability of most of them for docking ships. The abundance of dense forests and wide swamps in which flies, mosquitoes, and fevers spread... as well as the frequent presence of waterfalls and cataracts near river mouths... also the presence of deserts that block the interior parts... also the elevation of the continent near the coasts.
Temperatures vary throughout the African continent depending on the climate and terrain. The civilization of the inhabitants of the tropical forests is still preliminary due to the intensity of the heat and the abundance of swamps. However, in the grasslands, civilization is okay for agriculture, and in the deserts that are located north and south of the grasslands, we find civilization late. As for the regions located north of the continent Its south has an advanced civilization due to its moderate climate, rainfall, and river flow.